PHOTOLYSIS :)

PHOTOLYSIS

1.Nurul Ashikin Bt Amat (BS14161033)

2. Nur Asyiqin Bt Mohd Eilham (BS14110634)

3. Shella Sia Li Ting (BS14110784)

Num.	Word	Definition
1.	Abiotic	Not associated with living organisms such as sunlight, wind, etc.
2.	Abiotic degradation	Process in which a substance is converted to simpler products by physical or chemical mechanisms: examples include hydrolysis and photolysis.
3.	Abiotic transformation	Process in which a substance in the environment is modified by non-biological mechanisms such as light.
4.	Absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)	Energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a specified volume of matter divided by the mass of that volume.
5.	Absorption (of ionizing radiation)	Transfer of some or all of the energy of radiation to matter which it traverses.
6.	Accidental exposure	Unintended contact with a substance or change in the physical environment (including, e.g., radiation) resulting from an accident.
7.	Acute effect (of radiation)	Effect of finite duration occurring rapidly (usually in the first 24 h or up to 14 d) following a single dose or short exposure to radiation.
8.	Ambient	Surrounding (applied to environmental media such as light intensity, air, water, sediment, or soil).
9.	Anti-photolysis	Ability to resist alteration of a substances when exposed to photons.
10.	Astrochemistry	Study of the abundance and reactions of chemical element and molecules in the universe. “In an astrochemical context the photolysis reaction of C70H38 should produce back C70 with release of molecular hydrogen.”
11.	Chronic effect (of radiation)	Consequence that develops slowly and (or) has a long-lasting course; may be applied to an effect which develops rapidly and is long-lasting when expose to excess ultraviolet radiation for long time.
12.	Cleavage (Photo-induced)	Breaking of bonds (corrin ring cleavage) in chemical compound by photoysis producing photoproduct. E.g. cleavage of the C1‐triazole bond liberating 1,2,4‐triazole as the major product.
13.	Cyanocobalamin	a man-made form of vitamin B12, very sensitive to light and easily photodegrade to hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12b)
14.	Decolorization	Removal of the color applied especially in azo dyes usually carried out via photochemical methods (e.g. direct uv photolysis and advanced oxidation processes) since they are highly resistant to conventional treatment.
15.	Dissipation	A process in which energy is transformed from some initial form to some final form; the capacity of the final form to do mechanical work is less than that of the initial form. photodegradation is a dissipation pathway of OTC (see no. 26)  in surface waters .
16.	Dose (of radiation)	Energy or amount of photons absorbed by an irradiated object during a specified exposure time divided by area or volume.
17.	Dose–effect (of radiation)	Relation between dose and the magnitude of a measured biological change when exposed to certain amount of photons.
18.	Dose–effect relationship (of radiation)	Association between dose and the resulting magnitude of a continuously graded change, either in an individual or in a population when exposed to certain amount of photons.
19.	Dose–response relationship (of radiation)	Association between dose and the incidence of a defined biological effect in an exposed population usually expressed as percentage when exposed to certain amount of photons.
20.	Environmental health	Human welfare and its influence by the environment (such as sunlight or other diseases), including technical and administrative measures for improving the human environment from a health point of view.
21.	Exposure	The sum of the electrical charges of all the ions of one sign produced when all electrons liberated by photons in a suitably small element of volume of air completely stopped, divided by the mass of the air in the volume element.
22.	Exposed group	People (or other organisms) who have been exposed to a supposed cause of a disease or health state of interest, or possess a characteristic that is a determinant of the health outcome of interest.
23.	Extra risk	Probability that an agent produces an observed response, as distinguished from the probability that the response is caused by a spontaneous event unrelated to the agent.
24.	Fatigue resistance	Loss of reversibility by processes such as photodegradation, photobleaching, photooxidation, and other side reactions. All photochromics suffer fatigue to some extent, and its rate is strongly dependent on the activating light and the conditions of the sample.
25.	Geosmin	An algae-derived organic matter in which the dissipation pathway involve photocatalytic degradation.
26.	Ionizing radiation	Any radiation consisting of directly or indirectly ionizing particles or a mixture of both or photons with energy higher than the energy of photons of ultraviolet light or a mixture of both such particles and photons.
27.	Oxytetracycline (OTC)	An antibiotic widely used for veterinary purposes in livestock and poultry industry in which its elimination involve photochemical transformation.
28.	Pharmaceuticals	A compound manufactured for use as a medicinal drug which easily degraded when exposed to UV radiation in water.
29.	Photobiology	The study of the effects of light on living organisms especially the toxicity effects.
30.	Photocatalyst	It is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst. In catalysed photolysis, light is absorbed by an adsorbed substrate.
31.	Photochemical	Chemical reaction initiated by the absorption of energy in the form of light. The consequence of molecules’ absorbing light is the creation of transient excited states whose chemical and physical properties differ greatly from the original molecules. These new chemical species can be reduced or increased toxicity to the environment.
32.	Photochromism	A reversible transformation of a chemical species between two forms by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, where the two forms have different absorption spectra. Also described as a reversible change of colour upon exposure to light.
33.	Photodegradation	A process by which substances are broken down on a chemical level through the absorption of ultraviolet, visible, or infrared radiation (light), e.g. pharmaceuticals degradation in water.
34.	Photoexcitation	A photoelectrochemical process of electron excitation by photon absorption, when the energy of the photon is too low to cause photoionization. The absorption of the photon takes place in accordance with Planck's quantum theory.
35.	Photoluminescence	Light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation).
36.	Photolysis	A chemical process which transform a toxic substance to non-toxic substance (or vice versa) in the presence of ultraviolet light.
37.	Photophysical	Describing photoexcitation and any subsequent process that does not involve any chemical change.
38.	Photoproduct	A product of a photochemical reaction.
39.	Photosensitization of skin	Allergic reaction due to a metabolite formed by the influence of light.
40.	Phototransformation	Transformation of a chemical compound effected by light.
41.	Photo-irritation	Inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to light, especially that due to metabolites formed in the skin by photolysis.
42.	Photo-oxidation	Oxidation reactions induced by light.
43.	Phototoxicity	Adverse effects produced by exposure to light energy, especially those produced in the skin.
44.	Quantum yield of the photochemical reaction	A process to determine the efficiency of the photochromic change with respect to the amount of light absorbed. The quantum yield of isomerization can be strongly dependent on conditions
45.	Radiation allergy	Symptoms or signs occurring in sensitized individuals following exposure to ultraviolet radiation (allergen) which would otherwise not cause such symptoms or signs in non-sensitized individuals.
46.	Radiation emission	Discharge, effluent, release of photons from a source (sun), including discharges to the wider environment.
47.	Skin cancer	Disease resulting from the development of a malignant tumor triggered by the exposure to excess ultraviolet light.
48.	Solar still	Using the heat of the Sun to evaporate, cool then collect. Applied to pharmaceuticals.
49.	Sono-photolysis	Sonication and photolysis (UV-C/H2O2) are applied simultaneously, is known to give effective degradation of several bio-recalcitrant pollutants
50.	Ultraviolet	Energy wave situated beyond the visible spectrum at its violet end — agent responsible for all photochemical reaction.

References:

Ahmad, 1., Qadeer, K., Hafeez, A., Zahid, S., Muhammad Ali Sheraz & Rehman Khattak, S., (2016). Effect of ascorbic acid on the photolysis of cyanocobalamin and aquocobalamin/hydroxocobalamin in aqueous solution: A kinetic study. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 332: 92–100.

Ceyda, O. & Xue Z. W., (2013). Quantitative Structure ‐Activity Relationship (QSAR) Models  University of Leeds, At: http://www.Qualitynano.Eu/Uploads/School2013/Trainingmaterials/7.Qsars-Lecture_Cey daoksel.Pdf. Retrieved on Oct 27, 2016.

Chakma, S. & Vijayanand S. Moholkar, (2016). Mechanistic analysis of sono-photolysis degradation of carmoisine. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 33: 276–287.

Chen, Y.H., Shang, N.C., Chen, L.L., Chang, C.Y., Chiang, P.C. & Hu, C.Y., (2013), Desalination and water treatment, photodecomposition of dimethyl phthalate in an aqueous solution with UV radiation using novel catalysts, At: http://www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/Full/10.1080/19443994.2013.803697. Retrieved on Oct 27, 2016.

Davor Dollar, Martina Perisa, Kresimir Kosutic, Sandra Babic, ,(2012). Desalination and water treatment, nf/ro removal of enrofloxacin and its photodegradation products from water, At: http://www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/Full/10.1080/19443994.2012.694237. Retrieved on Oct 27, 2016.

Dieter, H., Sergei, M. B. & Sem, A., (2006), Fullerenes, nanotubes and carbon nanostructures,  thermolysis and photolysis of C₆₀ diozonides, At: http://www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/Full/10.1081/FST-200040764. Retrieved on Oct 27, 2016.

Duffus, J.H., Nordberg, M. & Templeton, D.M., (2007), Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology – 2^nd Edition (IUPAC Recommendations 2007), Pure Applied Chemistry 79, No.7: 1153-1344

Kim, T.K., Moon, B.R., Kim, T.Y., Kim, M.K. & Zoh, K.D. (2016). Degradation mechanisms of geosmin and 2-MIB during UV photolysis and UV/chlorine reactions. Chemosphere. 162: 157–164.

Otidene Rossiter Sa Da Rocha, Rannuzya Brandao Pinheiro, Marta M.M, (2013), Desalination and water treatment, degradation of the antibiotic chloramphenicol using photolysis and advanced oxidation process with UVc and solar radiation, At: http://www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/Full/10.1080/19443994.2013.792148 Retrieved on Oct 27, 2016.

Premdureja, Suresh, W. & Prasad, D., (2009), toxicology & environmental chemistry, photolysis of benfuracarb, At: http://www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/Abs/10.1080/02772249009357607. Retrieved on Oct 27, 2016.