Endocrine Disruptors ~ Glossary

GROUP MEMBERS:
1. DAYVE LYDIANA BINTI SAMUIL       BS 14110247
2. DAYANGKU NURYANA FITRI BINTI AWANGKU AMIN       BS 14110249
3. LIM YEE HUI      BS 14110455
4. NG SU SHAN       BS 14110578


                                                      ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS


1. Adenohypophysis: Anterior lobe of pituitary gland.

2. Adenoma: A begin tumor of an endocrine gland, such as a parathyroid adenoma.

3. Adrenaline: The hormone secreted by the central part (medulla) of the adrenal gland.

4. Androgens: A natural or synthetic compound that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.

5. Antagonize hormones: A hormones that act to return body conditions to within acceptable limits from opposite extremes.

6. Anti-androgen: A substance that can prevent the full expression of androgen.

7. Anti-estrogen: A substance that can prevent the full expression of estrogen.

8. Benign: Non-cancerous.

9. Birth defect: Birth defect is a problem that happens while a baby is developing in the mother's baby.

10. Bisphenol A (BPA): An organic synthetic compound that is widely used in polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins with the chemical formula of (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 (WHO, 2009).

11. Cardiovascular disease (CVD): The pathologic process affecting the entire arterial circulation, not just the coronary arteries. Stroke, transient ischemic attacks, angina, myocardial infarction and critical limb ischemia are manifestation of CVD (Maulik, 2013).

12. Daidzen: A chemical which can cause reduction on bone breakdown, increase in bone formation and enhances the effect of low oestrogen in bones.

13. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE): Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is the primary breakdown product from DDT, produced by dechlorination reactions that occur in alkaline environments in organisms. DDE is as persistent as DDT and is responsible for shell-thinning in predatory birds (Jones, 1997).

14. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): DDT is an insecticide used in agriculture. DDT and its related chemicals persist for a long time in the environment and in animal tissues. The United States banned the use of DDT in 1972, but some of the countries still use it for control of mosquitoes that spread malaria (CDC, 2016).

15. Diethylstilbestrol (DES): A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen that is odourless white crystalline powder at room temperature which is also an endocrine disruptor and is known to be a human carcinogen (Sylvia, 2014).

16. Dioxin: Dioxins are a group of dangerous chemicals known as  persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They are of concern because of their highly toxic potential (WHO, 2016).

17. Direct-acting hormones: Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland, so called because they produce the desired affect directly in the target organ.

18. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Chemicals that interfere in some way with hormone action and can alter endocrine function such that it will cause adverse effects on human and wildlife health (WHO, 2012).

19. Endocrine glands: These glands are also called ductless glands because they do not connect to their target tissues by ducts, but instead secrete their hormones directly into bloodstream, which then carries hormone throughout the body (Rushton, 2009).

20. Endocrine system: Endocrine system consists of endocrine glands which released hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, blood glucose level and salt and water balance (Rushton, 2009).

21. Endometriosis: Endometriosis is a condition in which the cells that line the uterus grow outside of the uterus in other areas. The condition can interfere with a woman's fertility and ability to become pregnant. It causes severe pelvic pain during menstruation (UMMC, 2016).

22. Epoxy resins: A class of polymers. It contains reactive group which will be converted into thermoset by reaction with compound known as curing agents (Lee & Nevilli, 1967).

23. Estrogen: The primary female sex hormone which responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive.

24. Euthyroidism: Condition of normal thyroid function.

25. Genistein: Genistein is a phytoestrogen (estrogen-like chemical compound present in plant) that is derive from certain plant precursors by human metabolism.

26. Homeostasis: Homeostasis is maintenance of stable condition within the internal environment despite changes occurring both inside and outside the body.

27. Hormone: Special chemical messengers in the body that are created in the endocrine glands. They control most bodily function from simple basic needs to complex system.

28. Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms of increased metabolism due to excess thyroid hormone in the blood. It may be due to an abnormal thyroid gland or from taking thyroid medication.

29. Hypothyroidism: Symptoms of decreased metabolism due to a deficiency of thyroid hormone in the blood.

30. Indirect-acting hormones: Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, so called because they cause their target organ to produce a second hormone.

31. Learning disabilities: A neurological disorder which cannot be cured or fixed. It is a classification that includes several areas of functioning in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner, usually caused by an unknown factor or factors.

32. Lipophilicity: Lipophilicity is the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids and non-polar solvents.

33. Mimic: An action which imitate facial, vocal or postural expressions of an individual (Hess & Fischer, 2014).

34. Neoplasm: A tumor. An abnormal growth. May be benign or malignant.

36. Neuroendocrinology: The study of how the endocrine and nervous system interact which involves the understanding of how the brain controls pituitary secretion (Donald, 2012).

36. Obesity: Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health (WHO, 2016).

37. Off-label use: The use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage or route of administration.

38. Overstimulation: The action of various agents or forms of energy (stimuli) on receptors that generate impulses that travel through nerves to the brain (afferents) in a higher level of stimulation.

39. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Synthetic organic chemicals that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological and photolytic processes and are lipophilic and accumulate in food chain (WHO, 2008).

40. Pesticides: Chemical compounds that are used to kill pests. They are potentially toxic to other organisms and need to be used safely and disposed of properly.

41. Phthalates: A group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break (CDC, 2015).

42. Phytoestrogens: A chemical that shows suggestive effects of estrogenicity (Mazur, 2000).

43. Pituitary gland: Located at base of brain, also called hypophysis, known as master gland.

44. PlasticizersA low molecular weight material added to polymeric materials such as paints, plastics or adhesives to improve their flexibility (Wypych, 2004).

45. Polycarbonate: A group of thermoplastic polymers. Easy to be moulded and thermoformed.

46. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Polychlorinated Biphenyls are a group of man-made organic chemicals consisting of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine atoms.

47. Precautionary principle: Principle that is used by policy makers to justify discretionary decisions in situations where there is the possibility of harm from making a certain decision when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking.

48. Receptor: A protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.

49. Vaginal cancer: Any type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the vagina.
The number of chlorine atoms and their location in a PCB molecule determine many of its physical and chemical properties. They formed as waste in industrial processes (EPA, 2016).


50. Xenohormones: Xeno means “foreign” and this term describes chemicals that are man-made and foreign to the body which mimic or block normal hormonal function (Berkson, 2016).



REFERENCES:
Berkson, D. L. 2016. Hormone Deception. CreateSpace Independent Publishing                   Platform.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2013.                                                   Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). At:                                                                                        https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/DDT_FactSheet.html. Accessed on 22 October         2016. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2015. Phthalates. At:                           https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/phthalates_factsheet.html. Accessed on 22 October 2016.

Donald, K. C. 2012. Basic Neuroendocrinology and the Anatomy of Hypothalamus. United States: University of Washington Seattle.

Hess, U. & Fischer, A. 2014. Emotional Mimicry: Why and When We Mimic Emotions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 8, 45-57.

Jones, A. M. 1997. Environmental Biology. Psychology Press.

Lee, H. & Neville, K. 1967. Handbook of Epoxy Resins. McGraw-Hill Handbooks. McGraw-Hill.

Maulik, N. 2013. Cardiovascular Diseases: Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions. CDC   Press.

Mazur, W. 2000. Phytoestrogens: Occurrence in Foods and Metabolism of Lignans in Man   and Pigs. Medical Faculty of the University of Helsinki.

Rushton, L. 2009. The Endocrine System Human Body: How It Works. Infobase Publishing.

Sylvia, M.B. 2014. Reports on Carcinogen. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service Secretary.

University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). Endometriosis. At:                                          https://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/endometriosis. Accessed on   22 October 2016.

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs).   At: https://www.epa.gov/pcbs/learn-about-polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcb. Accessed on 22 October 2016.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2008. Persistent Organic Chemicals. Children’s Health and the Environment.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2009. Bisphenol A (BPA): Current state of   Knowledge   And Future Actions by WHO and FAO. Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2012. State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting     Chemicals. United Nation Environment Program.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2016. Dioxins And Their Effects On Human Health.         At: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs225/en/. Accessed on 21 October 2016.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2016. Obesity. At:                                                                http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/. Accessed on 22 October 2016.

Wypych, G. 2004. Handbook of Plasticizers. ChemTec Publishing.









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