Abiotic and Biotic

Siti Nur Aisyah Binti Ishak BS14110113

Law Pik Sia BS14110414

Firuz Afiqah Buslima BS14110291

Faizah Binti Gumpulan BS14110293

1)    Abiotic stress – The negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a significant way (Forestry Nepal, 2014).

2)    Absorbed dose - the actual amount of exposed dose to enter the body

3)    Acute exposure - is one of short duration

4)    Administered dose - The quantity of administered usually orally or by injection

5)    Agent -Any chemical, biological, or physical material capable of eliciting a biological response − Different than the vector carrier (air, soil, water, food).

6)     Autotrophs - an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

7)    Biomagnifications

-refers to the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next. 

8)    Bioaccumulation-refers to how pollutants enter a food chain

9)    Biotic - Biotic describes a living or once living component of a community; for example organisms, such as plants and animals. 

10) Biotransformation- The alteration of a substance, such as drug, within the body.

11) Biological stressor - An organism that finds itself, by accident or design, in a habitat to which it does not naturally belong. Example include the fungus causing Dutch elm disease and certain types of algae and bacteria (Oxford Reference, 2016).

12) Carbohydrate metabolism – One of the first metabolic processes affected by chemical and thermal stressors, which modify sugar metabolism from gene expression to enzyme activity in diverse organisms. For example, photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, and invertebrates (Sulmon et al., 2015).

13) Chronic exposure -is one that is repeated or prolonged for an extended period.  

14)  Chemical Stressor - Hazardous substance when released into an environment, it damages the ecosystems or reduces their ability to cope with environmental changes. Examples : Lead pollution poisoned eagles.

15) Contaminants of Emerging Concern ( CECs ) - The synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals that are not regulated or commonly monitored in the environment but have the potential to enter the environment and cause adverse ecological or human health impacts.

16) Dose – the quantity of an agent to which an entity is exposure to in the environment. (Ishaque & Aighewi, 2008).

17) Dose-response – The quantity of the exposure to a stressor (chemical, physical, or biological agents) and the resulting changes in function or health (response) of a designated entity receiving the agent (Ishaque & Aighewi, 2008).

18) Dosage – The amount of a medicine, drug, or vitamin that should be taken at one time or regularly during a period of time (Bihari, 2016).

19) Detritivores - known as detritophages, detritus feeders, or detritus eaters, are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces).

20) Detoxification – One of the more widely used treatments and concepts in alternative medicine. It is based on the principle that illness can be caused by the accumulation of toxic substances (toxins) in the body. Eliminating existing toxins and avoiding new toxins are essential parts of the healing process. Detoxification utilizes a variety of tests and techniques (Farlex, 2016).

21) Ecological Stress – The effects at individuals and demographic (population or functional group) levels. At individual levels, stress is considered as sub-lethal effect on the physiology of an organism, e.g., a decline in feeding, growth, or fecundity, or a biochemical change. At community or ecosystem level, stress denotes an acute or chronic disturbance that causes decline in the number of organisms affecting biotic interactions and integrity (N ges et al., 2016).

22) Entity – An existing or real thing. The entity could be an individual species, population of species, community or an ecosystem.

23) Environmental stress – pressure on the environment caused by human activities such as generation of pollution or natural events such as occurrence of a drought (WebFinance, 2016).

24) Exposure- measurement of the level at which one encounters any substance. Any condition which provides an opportunity for an external environmental agent to enter the body. 

25) Exposure dose - The amount of xenobiotic encountered in the environment

26) Exotic Species - Biotic stressors could also be any of the introduced invasive or exotic species in an ecosystem such as African honeybee (Mellufera scutellata), Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), or kudzu (Pueraria montana) on land.

27) Feminization- the development in an organism of physical characteristics that are usually unique to the female of the species.

28) Heterotrophs- an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances

29) Infestation- Infestation is the state of being invaded or overrun by pests or parasites

30) Living things - Biological structures that respond to changes in the environment or within their own entities. This includes animals, plants, fungi and the single-celled organisms known as bacteria.

31) Natural Disaster - Any event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of the earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of the population to rebuild. Examples : Tsunami, mudslide and volcanic eruption.

32) Non- living things - Things which cannot grow, move, breathe and reproduce. This includes water, light, wind and soil.

33) Pathogenic- the capacity of a microorganism to produce disease. 

34) Parasite-Host Relationship -One in which one organism, the parasite, lives off of another organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death. The parasite lives on or in the body of the host. Examples : tapeworms, fleas, and barnacles.

35) Pesticides - A substances used for destroying insects or organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

36) Photosynthesis - the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

37) Photoautotroph - organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic materials to be used in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration. ... An autotroph is an organism able to make its own food.

38) Predation - Occurs when an organism kills and consumes another organism. To be a true predator, an animal must kill and eat its food. This is also be classified as biotic factors.

39) Prey - The organism which the predator eats. Some examples of prey are fish and rabbit. The words predator-prey are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but the same concept also applies to plants.

40) Physical Stressor - Physical stress refers to brief but intense exposures to kinetic energy. This is a type of ecological disturbance because of its acute, episodic nature. Examples : volcanic eruptions, windstorms, and tornadoes.

41) Poison – A substance that cause people or animals to die or to become very sick if it gets into their bodies especially being swallowed (Merriam Webster, 2015).

42) Stress – Organisms may suffer physiological effects affecting homeostasis and changing cellular metabolism and activity. Stress can lead to severe damage or to specific responses that prevent or repair damage, depending on the degree of stress and the sensitivity of organisms (Steinberg, 2012).

43) Stressor - A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress  to an organism

44) Synergistic response – A situation where one component is concentrated enough to cause toxic effect by itself but the presence of another causes a much greater effect than combined effects of the individual components. Sometimes two substances may have effects which is reinforce each other so much that the combined effect is more than the additive (Ishaque & Aighewi, 2008).

45) Symbiosis- interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

46) Reproduction - The process by which new organisms are generated. It is the mechanism of species continuation. There two means of reproducing which are asexual and sexual reproduction.

47) Response - Toxic reaction when the amount of poison (dose) is received. The biological response to an agent.

48) Toxins – Any poison produced by an organism, characterized by antigenicity in certain animals and high molecular weight, and including the bacterial toxins that are the causative agents of tetanus, diphtheria, and such plant and animal toxins as ricin and snake venom (Houghton Mifflin, 2002).

49) Total dose - The sum of all individual doses

50) Toxic Pollution - Occurs when chemicals are present in concentrations large enough to affect organisms and cause ecological changes. It can be caused by gases such as sulfur dioxide and ozone, by elements such as lead, and mercury, and by pesticides such as DDT.

References

Bihari, M. 2016. Dose and Dosage: Definition and Examples. At: https://www.verywell.com/drug-dose-definition-and-examples-1123989. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Houghton Mifflin. 2002. Toxin. At: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/toxin. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Ishaque, A.B. & Aighewi, I.T. 2008. Ecotoxicology: Dose-Response, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA.

N ges, P., Argillier, C., Borja, A., Garmendia, J.M., Hanganu, J., Kode , V., Pletterbauer, F., Sagouis, A., Birk, S. 2016. Quantified biotic and abiotic response to multiple stress in freshwater, marine ang groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 540: 43-52.

Steinberg, C.E.W., 2012. Stress Ecology – Environmental Stress as Ecological Driving Force and Key Player in Evolution, Springer, Berlin.

Sulmon, C., Baaren, J., Cabello-Hurtado, F., Gouesbet, G., Hennion, F., Mony, C., Renault, D., Bormans, M., Amrani, A.E., Wiegand, C., G rard, C. 2015. Abiotic stressors and stress responses: What commonalities appear between species across biological organization levels? Environmental Pollution, 202: 66-77.

Oxford References. 2016. Biological stressor. At: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095507151. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

WebFinance Inc., 2016. Environmental stress. At: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/environmental-stress.html. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Forestry Nepal, 2014. Abiotic stress. At: http://www.forestrynepal.org/notes/silviculture/locality-factors/18. Accessed on 22 October 2016.

Farlex Inc., 2016. Detoxification. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/detoxification. Accessed on 22 October 2016.

Merriam Webster, Inc., 2015. Poison. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poison. Accessed on 22 October 2016.

Yu M.H., Tsunoda H., Tsunoda M., 2011. Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants. 3rd Edition. CRC Press Taylor & Francis.

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