Mutagen

GROUP 10 - MUTAGEN

Group Members:

1. Chan Yee Zen BS14110202

2. Kong Kah Yan BS14110400

3. Roslina Binti Rala BS14110749

4. Shafizah Binti Johnny BS14161037

No	Terms	Definitions	References
1	Mutagen	Environmental agents which cause mutations.	(Dr Neda, 2008)
2	Chemical mutagen	A mutation agent which is in the form of chemical substance, it can mimic nitrogen base in normal DNA' but they cannot couple during DNA replication.	(New Science Biology, 2016)
3	Base analogs	A chemical which resembles a purine or pyrimidine base, which differs slightly in structure from the normal bases found in nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and, when intercalated in the nucleic acid, may alter one or more of its normal functions or cause point (single-base substitution) mutations.	(Segen's Medical Dictionary, 2011)
4	Intercalating agents	A chemical that can insert itself between the stacked bases at the centre of the DNA double helix, possibly causing a frameshift mutation.	(Mark and Holmgren, 2004)
5	Alkylating agents	Agents that react with groups such as amino [NH2], carboxyl [COOH], hydroxyl [OH] and phosphate [PO4] groups, and replace them with alkyl groups.	(Collins Dictionary of Biology, 2005)
6	Deaminating agents	A chemical agent which exhibits the capability of causing the loss of an amine functional group on another molecular entity.	(Chebi, 2016)
7	Ionizing Radiation	Corpuscular or electromagnetic radiation that is capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through matter.	(Miller-Keane Encyclopedia, 2003)
8	Non-ionizing radiation	Rays of energy that move in long, slow wave patterns and do not penetrate cells	(Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2008)
9	Biological mutagen	A mutation agent in the from of virus or bacteria Which can include mutation in every living organisms.	(New Science Biology, 2016)
10	Transposable element	A DNA sequence that can move from one location in the genome to another; the transposition event can involve both recombination and replication, producing two copies of the moving piece of DNA; the insertion of these DNA fragments can disrupt the integrity of the target gene, possibly causing activation of dormant genes, deletions, inversions, and a variety of chromosomal aberrations.	(Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing, 2012)
11	Mutation	A permanent transmissible change in the genetic material.	(Miller-Keane Encyclopedia, 2003)
12	Mutation breeding	A breeding technique in which MUTAGENS are used to produce new genetic forms of useful agricultural species.	(Collins Dictionary of Biology, 2005)
13	Spontaneous Mutation	Arise from a variety of sources including errors in DNA replication, spontaneous lesions and transposable genetic elements.	(Griffiths et al., 2000)
14	Induced Mutation	A mutation that produced by treatment with a physical or chemical agent that affects the deoxyribonucleic acid molecules of a living organism.	(Elsevier, 2009)
15	Error-prone translesion synthesis	The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion.	(Stanford University, 2016)
16	Errors introduced during DNA repair	Proofreading by DNA polymerase corrects errors during replication. However, some errors are not corrected during replication but are instead corrected after replication is completed which known as errors introduced during DNA repair.	(Boundless Learning, 2016)
17	Tautomerism	The existence of two or more chemical compounds that are capable of facile interconversion, in many cases merely exchanging a hydrogen atom between two other atoms, to either of which it forms a covalent bond.	(William, 2016)
18	Depurination	Chemical reaction of purine deoxyribonucleosides, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, in which the ß-N-glycosidic bond is hydrolytically cleaved releasing a nucleic base, adenine or guanine.	(Khan, 2014)
19	Deamination	The removal of an amine group from a molecule.	(Elsevier, 2009)
20	Slipped strand mispairing	A mutation process which occurs during DNA replication. It involves denaturation and displacement of the DNA strands, causing in mispairing of the complementary bases.	(Boundless Learning, 2016)
21	Mutagenesis	The change in the genetic information of an organism in a stable manner by the use of physical and chemical mutagens.	(Sandhya, 2011)
22	Genotoxicity	Destructive effect on a cell’s genetic material such as DNA and RNA affecting its integrity.	(Lefers, 2004)
23	Mutagenicity	The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent genetic alterations.	(Lefers, 2004)
24	Chromosome	Thread-like structures that DNA molecule is packaged into in the nucleus of each cell.	(NIH, 2012)
25	Nucleotides	One of the structural components or bulding blocs of DNA and RNA. It consists of a base, a molecule of sugar and a phosphoric acid.	(NHGRI, 1999)
26	DNA damage	Impair cellular function leading to cell death or carcinogenesis. DNA damage blocks normal cellular processes such as replication and transcription.	(Kaufmann & Paules, 1996)
27	DNA replication	A double strands of DNA splits into two single strands.	(Tom B et al.,2005)
28	DNA transcription	The process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis.	(Tom B et al.,2005)
29	DNA crosslinkers	When some agent connects two different positions either on the same strand or opposite strands of DNA. This crosslinker prevents DNA replication and can leading to possible cell death and anticancer action.	(Sigma-Aldrich, 2016)
30	DNA adducts	A form of DNA damage caused by covalent attachment of a chemical moiety to DNA.	(Nature Journal, 2013)
31	Amplifications	An event that produces multiple copies of a gene or of any sequence of DNA. It can occur in vivo (in the living individual) or in vitro (in the laboratory).	(MedicineNet, 2016)
32	Chromosomal translocations	An unusual arrangement of the chromosomes. This is due to an altered chromosome arrangement has been inherited from either the mother or the father.	(EuroGentest, 2011)
33	Chromosomal inversions	A type of mutation where a sequence of nucleotides in the DNA is reversed or inverted. It protect sets of interacting genes from recombination.	(Mark, 2003)
34	Albinism	A genetic disorder involving defective melanin biosynthesis, attributed to an inborn error of metabolism. A defective synthesis of melanin from tyrosine or its absence resulting from the mutation of one or more associated genes causes albinism.	(Summer, 2009)
35	Sickle cell anemia	An inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by the presence of homozygous hemoglobin S (Hb S).	(Stypulkowski and Manfredini, 2010)
36	Cystic fibrosis	An autosomal recessive disease that affects the exocrine glands, involving multiple organs and progressing chronically and progressively.	(Ratjen et al., 2003)
37	Substitution mutations	A mutation in which there is an exchange between two bases such as a change in a single “chemical letter” like switching a T to C.	(Biotechnology Forums, 2010)
38	Silent mutations	A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid.	(Jane et al., 2011)
39	Missense mutations	A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.	(Jane et al., 2011)
40	Nonsense mutations	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually non-functional protein.	(Jane et al., 2011)
41	Neutral mutation	A mutation with negligible impact on genetic and organism.	(Jack, 2005)
42	Frameshift mutation	A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.	(Jane et al., 2011)
43	Inactivating mutations	Any mutation genetic alteration of the DNA which finally leads to a reduced function or even to a complete loss of function of a protein.	(Jack, 2005)
44	Activating mutation	A substitution of one amino acid residue by another that confers a new or higher activity upon the protein is presented.	(Jack, 2005)
45	Antimorphic mutations	A type of mutation in which the altered gene product possesses an altered molecular function that acts antagonistically to the wild-type allele. Antimorphic mutations are always dominant or semidominant.	(Jack, 2005)
46	Germline mutations	A heritable change in the DNA that occurred in a germ cell or the zygote the conceptus at the single-cell stage. When transmitted to a child, a germline mutation is incorporated in every cell of their body.	(Griffith et al.,2000)
47	Heterozygous mutation	A mutation of only one allele.	(Griffith et al.,2000)
48	Homozygous  mutation	An identical mutation of both the paternal and maternal alleles.	(Griffith et al.,2000)
49	Conditional  mutation	Mutations that only expressed at a specific temperature and also temperature sensitive mutants usually elevated.	(Griffith et al.,2000)
50	Somatic  mutations	A change in the DNA sequence that occurs in somatic cells not gametes.	(Franco et al, 2009)

References:

Biotechnology Forums. 2010. Substitution mutations. At: http://biotechnologyforums.com. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Biotech Khan. 2014. DNA Damage. At: https://biotechkhan.wordpress.com/tag/depurination/. Accessed on 18 October 2016.

Boundless Learning. 2016. DNA Repair. At: https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/dna-structure-and-

function-14/dna-repair-104/dna-repair-439-12942/. Accessed on 18 October 2016.

Boundless Learning. 2016. Slipped-Strand Mispairing. At: https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-

textbook/microbial-genetics-7/genes-71/slipped-strand-mispairing-415-4571/. Accessed on 18 October 2016.

Chebi. 2016. Deaminating agents. At: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/chebiOntology.do?chebiId=CHEBI:50907&treeView=true.

Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Collins Dictionary of Biology, 3rd edition. 2005. Alkylating agents. At: http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alkylating+agents. Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Collins Dictionary of Biology, 3rd edition. 2005. Mutation Breeding. At: http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alkylating+agents. Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Dr Neda, M. B. 2008. Mutagens and Mutagenesis. At: http://www.bogari.net/Bogari/Medical_Genetics_files/2-1Mutagenesis.pdf.

Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Elsevier. 2009. Deamination. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/deamination. Accessed on 18 October 2016.

Elsevier. 2009. Induced Mutation. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/induced+mutation. Accessed on 18 October 2016.

EuroGentest. 2011. Chromosomal translocations. At: http://eurogentest.org.com. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Franco, C., Stan, B. K, Heine, H. H., James, O. A. and Martine, P. 2009. Textbook of Medical Oncology, Fourth Edition.

Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 2008. Non-ionizing radiation. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Non-

          ionizing+radiation. Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Griffiths, A.J.F., Miller, J.H. and Suzuki, D.T. 2000. An introduction to genetic analysis. 7th edition. New York: National Center for

Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

Kaufmann, W. and R. Paules. 1996. DNA damage and cell cycle checkpoints. FASEB J., 10(2): 238-247.

Jack, J. P. 2005. An Introduction to Human Molecular Genetics: Mechanisms of Inherited Diseases (Second Edition). Canada: A John Wiley

& Sons, INC, Publication.

Jane, B. R., Michael, L., Cain, S. and Lisa, A. U. 2011. Campbell Biology (9th Edition). United States: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Lefers, M. 2004. Mutagenicity. At: <http://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-M/Mutagenicity.html>.

Accessed on 18 October 2016.

Mark, L. and Holmgren, L. 2004. Intercalating agents. At: http://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-

          I/intercalating_agent.html. Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Mark, R. 2003. Chromosomal inversions. At: http://blackwellpublishing.com. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing. 2012. Transposable element. At: http://medical- 

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Transposable+element. Accessed on 25 October 2016.

MedicineNet. 2016. Amplifications. At: http//medicineNet.com. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Miller-Keane Encyclopedia. 2003. Ionizing Radiation. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Ionizing+Radiation.

Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Miller-Keane Encyclopedia. 2003. Mutation. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Mutation. Accessed on 25 October 2016.

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). 1999. Nucleotide. At:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/MLACourse/Original8Hour/Genetics/nucleotide.html. Accessed on 18 October 2016.

National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2012. What is a chromosome. At: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/chromosome. Accessed on

18 October 2016.

Nature Journal, 2013. DNA adducts. At: http://nature.com. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

New Science Biology. 2016. Chemical, physical and biological mutagen. At: http://newsciencebiology.blogspot.my/2014/04/chemical-

physical-biological-mutagen.html. Accessed on 25 October 2016.

Ratjen, F. and Döring, G. 2003. Cystic fibrosis. Lancet, 9: 361:681.

Segen's Medical Dictionary. 2011. Base Analogue. Att: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/base+analogue. Accessed on 25

October 2016.

Sigma-Aldrich Co. DNA crosslinkers. 2016. At: http//sigmaaldrich.com. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Stanford University. 2016. Gene Ontology Term: error-prone translesion synthesis. At:

http://www.yeastgenome.org/go/GO:0042276/overview. Accessed on 18 October 2016.

Sandhya, A. 2011. Mutagenesis – Types and Uses. At: http://www.biotecharticles.com/DNA-Article/Mutagenesis-Types-and-Uses-739.html.

Accessed on 18 October 2016.

Shaily, U.S. 2012. Importance of genotoxicity & S2A guidelines for genotoxicity testing for pharmaceuticals. Journal of Pharmacy and

Biological Sciences. 1(2): 43-54.

Stypulkowski, J. B. and Manfredini, V. 2010. Changes in hemostasis in sickle cell disease patients. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter, 32(1):5 6–62.

Summers, C.G. 2009. Albinism:  classification clinical characteristics, and recent findings. Optom Vis Sci, 86: 659-662.

Tom, B., Dorcas, B. and Asha, B. 2005. Nucleic acids chemistry. At: http://atdbio.com. Accessed on 23 October 2016.         

Wildsoet, C.F., Oswald, P. J. and Clark, S. 2000. Albinism: its implication for refractive development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 41: 1-7.

William, H.B. 2016. Encyclopedia Britannica. At: <https://global.britannica.com/science/tautomerism>. Accessed on 18 October 2016.