(G6) ++++ TERATOGEN ++++ (G6)

Group 6 Teratogen

Khairul Amrie Bin Amrah BS14110391

Lau Suk Teng BS14110411

Muhammad Haiqal Bin Hassim BS14110538

Muizzudrin Bt Mohamed BS14161061

(Number, Term, Definition, References)

1  Amygdalin - A bitter cyanogenic glucoside extracted from the seeds of apricots and plums and bitter almonds. (Donald, 2008)

2  Antimetabolite - A substance bearing a close structural resemblance to one required for normal physiological functioning, and exerting its effect by interfering with the utilization of the essential metabolite. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

3   Antitumour - Preventing or inhibiting the formation or growth of tumours. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

4   Autosomal recessive disease - One of several ways that a trait, disorder, or disease can be passed down through families. An autosomal recessive disorder means two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop. (Medline Plus, 2016)

5   Benzimidazole - A colourless crystalline compound, C7H6N2, used in organic synthesis. (Grimmett, 1997)

6  Cataflam - A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Cataflam is used to treat mild to moderate pain, or signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. (Drugs.com, 2016)

7   Cetyl - Waxy crystalline alcohol C16H34O obtained by the saponification of spermaceti or the hydrogenation of palmitic acid and used especially in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations and in making detergents. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

8  Clomiphene - An antioestrogen drug used to treat infertility by virtue of its ability to stimulate the production of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation). (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

9   Clomiphene citrate - Clomid (clomiphene citrate) is a nonsteroidal, ovulatory stimulant used to treat ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovary syndrome in women who, after other reasons for pregnancy failure have been ruled out, desire pregnancy and follow additional instructions that make pregnancy more likely to occur with this drug. (RxList, 2016)

10 Clomipramine - A tricyclic antidepressant C19H23ClN2 used in the form of its hydrochloride to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

11   Crixivan - Crixivan is a protease inhibitor used for treating HIV. (Mnemonic Dictionary, 2013)

12   Cyanocobalamin - Is a B vitamin that is used to treat pernicious anemia, a complex red crystalline compound, containing cyanide and cobalt and occurringin liver. (William Collins, 2012)

13   Diethylstilboestrol - A colourless crystalline synthetic compound C18H2OO2 used as a potent estrogen but contraindicated in pregnancy for its tendency to cause cancer or birth defects in offspring —called also DES, stilbestrol. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

14   Dihydroergotamine - A hydrogenated derivative C33H37N5O5 of ergotamine that is used in the treatment of migraine. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

15  Detoxification - Detoxification is the physiological or medical removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver. (American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language, 2016)

16   Encephalin - Is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

17   Estrone - Estrogen is one of the two main sex hormones that woman have which responsible for female physical features and reproduction. (Hormone Health Network, 2016)

18   Gonadotrophin - A hormone that stimulates the growth and activity of the gonads, especially any of several pituitary hormones that stimulate the function of the ovaries and testes, also called gonadotropic hormone. (Houghton, 2002)

19    Griseofulvin - An antibiotic used against fungal infections of the hair and skin. (Oxford University Press, 2016)

20   Hesperidin - Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of citrus cultivation. (Ray Sahelian, 2015)

21    Hyoscyamine - An ATROPINE like drug used to relax smooth muscle spasm, as in colic, and for its sedative effect. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

22     Indinavir - Indinavir is a protease-inhibiting drug given in the form of its sulfate, used usually in combination with other drugs to suppress the replication of HIV. (American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language, 2016)

23     Indomethacin - A nonsteroidal drug C19H16ClNO4 with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties used especially to treat painful inflammatory conditions (as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis). (Merriam-webster, 2016)

24    Isoproterenol - Isoproterenol is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, and rarely for asthma. (Shen & Howard, 2008)

25  Kanamycin - A broad-spectrum antibiotic from a Japanese soil streptomyces (Streptomyces kanamyceticus). (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

26    Labetalol - Labetalol is an adrenergic receptor blocker. It works by blocking both alpha and beta receptors in the body, which lowers blood pressure. (Drugs.com., 2016)

27   Mineralocorticoid - Any corticosteroid that controls electrolyte and water balance, especially by promoting retention of sodium by the kidney tubules. (Kaufman et al,. 2012)

28   Nicotinamide - A soluble crystal amide of nicotinic acid that is a component of the vitamin B complex and is present in most foods. Also called niacinamide. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

29  Norethindrone acetate - A synthetic progestational hormone (trade name Norlutin) used in oral contraceptives and to treat endometriosis. (Mosby’s Dental Dictionary, 2008)

30   Oxidizing agent - An oxidizing agent, or oxidant, gains electrons and is reduced in a chemical reaction. Also known as the electron acceptor, the oxidizing agent is normally in one of its higher possible oxidation states because it will gain electrons and be reduced. (Pettrucci & Ralph, 2007)

31   Retinoid - Any of a class of keratolytic drugs derived from retinoic acid and used in the treatment of severe acne and psoriasis. (Houghton, 2002)

32   Phenolphthalein - A compound used as a laboratory reagent and acid-base indicator and also used in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative preparations. (MedicineNet.com, 2016)

33   Phenothiazines - A compound used primarily in veterinary medicine to rid farm animals of internal parasites, a yellow organic compound used in veterinary anthelmintics also called thiodiphenylamine. (Houghton, 2002)

34    Piroxicam - Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class used to relieve the symptoms of painful, inflammatory conditions like arthritis. (Brayfield, 2014)

35  Psychostimulant - A drug having antidepressant or mood-elevating properties. (Houghton, 2002)

36    Pyrimidines - A heterocyclic organic compound with a penetrating, a crystalline organic base that is the parent substance of various biologically important derivatives. (Houghton, 2002)

37     Sensitizers - A substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction. (Nagraj et al., 2001)

38    Soman - A nerve agent easily absorbed into the body; a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor that is highly toxic when inhaled. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

39    Sulfonamide - Sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics that competitively inhibit conversion of p -aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroate, which bacteria need for folate synthesis and ultimately purine and DNA synthesis. (Merk & Dohme, 2016)

40   Sulindac - An anti-inflammatory nonsteroid agent with analigesic and  antipyretic actions. (Domenic, 2006)

41    Superoxide anion - The univalent anion O2 ; much of the oxygen supporting cellular respiration is reduced to the superoxide anion O2-.        (WorldNet, 2012)

42    Teratogen - It is a type of drug that are able to disturb the growth and development of an embryo or foetus.      (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

43   Teratogenicity - The property or capability of producing congenital malformations. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

44     Teratoma - A tumor consisting of a mixture of tissues not normally found at that site. (Webster dictionary, 2016)

45     Teratism - A congenital malformation or anomaly. (American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language, 2016)

46     Teratoid - Resembling a monster, abnormal; of a pathological growth, exceedingly complex or highly organized.      (Wester Dictionary, 2016)

47     Toxicant - Toxic substance introduced into the environment, e.g., a pesticide (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

48     Thiazide - Any of a group of drugs used as oral diuretics especially in the control of high blood pressure. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

49     Thyroxin - A hormone the thyroid gland secretes into the bloodstream. (Hormone Health Network, 2016)

50      Ubiquinone - Ubiquinone is another name for CoQ10, a potent antioxidant naturally produced by the body and important to cell functioning and development. (Truthinaging.com, 2016).

51      Valerate - A salt or ester of valeric acid. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

52     Vasoconstrictor - An agent that causes narrowing of the blood vessels. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

53     Vasodilator - A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels. (Gaddum, 1986)

54     Xanthine - A crystalline compound related in structure to uric acid and found in urine, blood, certain plants, and certain animal tissues. (William Collins, 2012)

References

American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language. 2016. Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

Brayfield, A,. 2014. “Piroxicam”. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press.

Drugs. com. 2016. Cataflam. At: https://www.drugs.com/cataflam.html. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Drugs.com. 2016. Labetalol. At: https://www.drugs.com/cdi/labetalol.html. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Hormone Health Network, 2016. What is estrogen?  At: http://www.hormone.org/diseases-and-conditions/womens-health/what-is-estrogen. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Hormone Health Network. 2016. Thyroxine. At: http://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/what-do-hormones-do/thyroxine. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Domenic, A. C. 2006. Drug Interactions in Psychiatry. At: https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Drug_Interactions_in_Psychiatry.html?id=TG8pmCuDbUQC&redir_esc=y. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Donald, G. B. 2008. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. Journal of General and Medical Science, 2 (3): 34-39.

Gaddum, J. H. 1986.Vasodilator Substances of the Tissues. University Press, Cambridge.

Grimmett, M. R. 1997. Imidazole and Benzimidazole Synthesis. Academic Press.

Houghton, M. 2002. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. At: https://www.thesciencedictionary.com. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Kaufman, W., Wambach, G. & Helber, A. 2012. Mineralocorticoids and Hypertension. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, Tokyo.

MedicineNet.com. 2016. Definition of phenolphthalein. MedicineNet, Inc. At:

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13444

Medline Plus. 2016. Autosomal Recessive. At: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002052.htm. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merck, S. & Dohme. 2016. Sulfoamide. A subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. At: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/sulfonamides

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Cetyl. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cetyl%20alcohol.  Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Clomipramine. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clomipramine. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Dihydroergotamine. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dihydroergotamine. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Indomethacin. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indomethacin. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Kanamycin. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kanamycin. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Thiazide. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thiazide. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Valerate. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/valerate. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Mnemonic Dictionary. 2013. At: http://www.mnemonicdictionary.com/word/crixivan. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Mosby’s Dental Dictionary.2008. Norethindrone acetate. Ed ke-2. Elsevier, Inc.

Nagraj, G. H., Nair, C. K. K & Kagiya, V. T. 2001. Radiation Sensitizers. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

Oxford University Press. 2016. Griseofulvin. At: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/griseofulvin. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Pettrucci, Ralph, H. 2007. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Ed ke-9. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Ray Sahelian, M.D. 2015. Hesperidin found in oranges and lemons. At: http://www.raysahelian.com/hesperidin.html. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

RxList. 2016. Clomid. At: http://www.rxlist.com/c lomid-side-effects-drug-center.htm. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Shen & Howard. 2008. Illustrated Pharmacology Memory Cards: PharMnemonics. Minireview.

The Medical Dictionary. 2016. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Assessed on 24 October 2016.

Truthinaging.com. 2016. Ubiquinone. At: https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ubiquinone. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Webster Dictionary. 2016. Teratoid. At: http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Teratoid. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Webster Dictionary. 2016. Teratoma. At: http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Teratoma. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

William Collins. 2012. Collins English Dictionary. At: https://www.thesciencedictionary.com. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

WorldNet. 2012. Superoxide anion. Princeton University, Farlex Inc