1. DAYVE LYDIANA BINTI SAMUIL BS 14110247
2. DAYANGKU NURYANA FITRI BINTI AWANGKU AMIN BS 14110249
3. LIM YEE HUI BS 14110455
4. NG SU SHAN BS 14110578
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS
1. Adenohypophysis: Anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
2. Adenoma: A begin tumor of an endocrine gland,
such as a parathyroid adenoma.
3. Adrenaline: The hormone secreted by the central
part (medulla) of the adrenal gland.
4. Androgens: A natural or synthetic compound that
stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics
in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
5. Antagonize hormones: A hormones that act to return body conditions to within
acceptable limits from opposite extremes.
6. Anti-androgen: A substance that can prevent the
full expression of androgen.
7. Anti-estrogen: A substance that can prevent the full
expression of estrogen.
8. Benign: Non-cancerous.
9. Birth defect: Birth defect is a problem that happens
while a baby is developing in the mother's baby.
10. Bisphenol A (BPA): An organic
synthetic compound that is widely used in polycarbonate plastic and epoxy
resins with the chemical formula of (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2
(WHO, 2009).
11. Cardiovascular
disease (CVD): The pathologic process affecting the entire arterial
circulation, not just the coronary arteries. Stroke, transient ischemic
attacks, angina, myocardial infarction and critical limb ischemia are
manifestation of CVD (Maulik, 2013).
12. Daidzen: A chemical which can cause reduction
on bone breakdown, increase in bone formation and enhances the effect of low
oestrogen in bones.
13. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE):
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
(DDE) is the primary breakdown product from DDT, produced by dechlorination
reactions that occur in alkaline environments in organisms. DDE is as
persistent as DDT and is responsible for shell-thinning in predatory birds
(Jones, 1997).
14. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
DDT is an
insecticide used in agriculture. DDT and its related chemicals persist for a
long time in the environment and in animal tissues. The United States banned
the use of DDT in 1972, but some of the countries still use it for control of
mosquitoes that spread malaria (CDC, 2016).
15. Diethylstilbestrol (DES): A synthetic,
non-steroidal estrogen that is odourless white crystalline powder at room
temperature which is also an endocrine disruptor and is known to be a human
carcinogen (Sylvia, 2014).
16. Dioxin: Dioxins are a group of dangerous
chemicals known as persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). They are of concern because of their highly toxic potential
(WHO, 2016).
17. Direct-acting hormones: Hormones released from the posterior
pituitary gland, so called because they produce the desired affect directly in
the target organ.
18. Endocrine
disrupting chemicals: Chemicals that interfere in some way with hormone
action and can alter endocrine function such that it will cause adverse effects
on human and wildlife health (WHO, 2012).
19. Endocrine
glands: These glands are also called ductless glands because
they do not connect to their target tissues by ducts, but instead secrete their
hormones directly into bloodstream, which then carries hormone throughout the
body (Rushton, 2009).
20. Endocrine system: Endocrine system consists of
endocrine glands which released hormones that regulate metabolism, growth,
development, reproduction, blood glucose level and salt and water balance
(Rushton, 2009).
21. Endometriosis: Endometriosis is a condition in which
the cells that line the uterus grow outside of the uterus in other areas. The
condition can interfere with a woman's fertility and ability to become
pregnant. It causes severe pelvic pain during menstruation (UMMC, 2016).
22. Epoxy resins: A class of polymers. It contains
reactive group which will be converted into thermoset by reaction with compound
known as curing agents (Lee & Nevilli, 1967).
23. Estrogen: The primary female sex hormone
which responsible for the development and regulation of the female
reproductive.
24. Euthyroidism:
Condition of normal thyroid function.
25. Genistein: Genistein is a phytoestrogen
(estrogen-like chemical compound present in plant) that is derive from certain
plant precursors by human metabolism.
26. Homeostasis: Homeostasis is maintenance of stable
condition within the internal environment despite changes occurring both inside
and outside the body.
27. Hormone: Special chemical messengers in the
body that are created in the endocrine glands. They control most bodily function
from simple basic needs to complex system.
28. Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms of increased metabolism due
to excess thyroid hormone in the blood. It may be due to an abnormal thyroid
gland or from taking thyroid medication.
29. Hypothyroidism: Symptoms of decreased metabolism due
to a deficiency of thyroid hormone in the blood.
30. Indirect-acting hormones: Hormones released from the anterior
pituitary gland, so called because they cause their target organ to produce a
second hormone.
31. Learning disabilities: A
neurological disorder which cannot be cured or fixed. It is a classification
that includes several areas of functioning in which a person has difficulty
learning in a typical manner, usually caused by an unknown factor or factors.
32. Lipophilicity:
Lipophilicity is the ability of a chemical compound to
dissolve in fats, oils, lipids and non-polar solvents.
33. Mimic: An action which imitate facial,
vocal or postural expressions of an individual (Hess & Fischer, 2014).
34. Neoplasm: A tumor. An abnormal growth. May be
benign or malignant.
36. Neuroendocrinology: The study of
how the endocrine and nervous system interact which involves the understanding
of how the brain controls pituitary secretion (Donald, 2012).
36. Obesity: Abnormal or excessive fat
accumulation that presents a risk to health (WHO, 2016).
37. Off-label use: The use of
pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age
group, dosage or route of administration.
38. Overstimulation: The action of various agents or
forms of energy (stimuli) on receptors that generate impulses that travel
through nerves to the brain (afferents) in a higher level of stimulation.
39. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs):
Synthetic organic chemicals that are resistant to environmental degradation
through chemical, biological and photolytic processes and are lipophilic and
accumulate in food chain (WHO, 2008).
40. Pesticides: Chemical
compounds that are used to kill pests. They are potentially toxic to other
organisms and need to be used safely and disposed of properly.
41. Phthalates: A
group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break
(CDC, 2015).
42. Phytoestrogens: A chemical that shows suggestive
effects of estrogenicity (Mazur, 2000).
43. Pituitary
gland: Located at
base of brain, also called hypophysis, known as master gland.
44. Plasticizers: A low molecular weight material added
to polymeric materials such as paints, plastics or adhesives to improve their
flexibility (Wypych, 2004).
45. Polycarbonate: A group of thermoplastic polymers.
Easy to be moulded and thermoformed.
46. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Polychlorinated Biphenyls are a group
of man-made organic chemicals consisting of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine
atoms.
47. Precautionary principle: Principle
that is used by policy makers to justify discretionary decisions in situations
where there is the possibility of harm from making a certain decision when
extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking.
48. Receptor: A protein molecule that receives
chemical signals from outside a cell.
49. Vaginal cancer: Any type of
cancer that forms in the tissues of the vagina.
The number of
chlorine atoms and their location in a PCB molecule determine many of its
physical and chemical properties. They formed as waste in industrial processes
(EPA, 2016).
50. Xenohormones:
Xeno means “foreign” and this term describes chemicals that are man-made and
foreign to the body which mimic or block normal hormonal function (Berkson,
2016).
REFERENCES:
Berkson, D. L. 2016. Hormone Deception. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2013. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).
At: https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/DDT_FactSheet.html.
Accessed on 22 October 2016.
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2015. Phthalates.
At: https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/phthalates_factsheet.html. Accessed on 22 October 2016.
Donald, K. C. 2012. Basic Neuroendocrinology and the Anatomy of Hypothalamus. United States: University of Washington
Seattle.
Hess, U.
& Fischer, A. 2014. Emotional Mimicry: Why and When We Mimic Emotions. Social
and Personality Psychology Compass. 8,
45-57.
Jones, A. M.
1997. Environmental Biology.
Psychology Press.
Lee, H. &
Neville, K. 1967. Handbook of Epoxy
Resins. McGraw-Hill Handbooks. McGraw-Hill.
Maulik, N.
2013. Cardiovascular Diseases:
Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions. CDC Press.
Mazur, W.
2000. Phytoestrogens: Occurrence in Foods
and Metabolism of Lignans in Man and Pigs.
Medical Faculty of the University of Helsinki.
Rushton, L.
2009. The Endocrine System Human Body:
How It Works. Infobase Publishing.
Sylvia, M.B. 2014. Reports
on Carcinogen. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service Secretary.
University of
Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). Endometriosis.
At: https://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/endometriosis.
Accessed on 22 October 2016.
US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). At: https://www.epa.gov/pcbs/learn-about-polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcb. Accessed on 22 October 2016.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2008. Persistent Organic Chemicals. Children’s Health and the Environment.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2009. Bisphenol A (BPA): Current state of Knowledge And Future Actions by WHO and FAO.
Food and Agriculture Organizations of
the United Nations.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2012. State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. United Nation
Environment Program.
World Health
Organization (WHO). 2016. Dioxins And
Their Effects On Human Health. At:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs225/en/.
Accessed on 21 October 2016.
World Health
Organization (WHO). 2016. Obesity.
At: http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/. Accessed on 22
October 2016.
Wypych, G.
2004. Handbook of Plasticizers.
ChemTec Publishing.
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