2. Absolute lethal concentration (LC100) - Lowest concentration of a substance in an environmental medium which kills 100 % of test organisms or species under defined conditions.
3. Absolute lethal dose (LD100) - Lowest amount of a substance which kills 100 % of test animals under defined conditions.
4. Active ingredient - Component of a mixture responsible for the biological effects of the mixture.
5. Active transport - Movement of a substance across a cell membrane against an electrochemical gradient, in the direction opposite to normal diffusion and requiring the expenditure of energy.
6. Cardiotoxic - Chemically harmful to the cells of the heart.
7. Catabolism - Reactions involving the oxidation of organic substrates to provide chemically available energy (for example ATP) and to generate metabolic intermediates.
8. Critical dose - Dose of a substance at and above which adverse functional changes, reversible or irreversible, occur in a cell or an organ.
9. Drug Diposition - Refers to all processes involved in the absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion of drugs in a living organism.
10. Fertility - Ability to conceive and to produce offspring: for litter-bearing species the number of offspring per litter is used as a measure of fertility.
11. Glutathione - Master antioxidant, a tripeptide consisting of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine: important in biological oxidations and the activation of some enzymes.
12. Glucuronic acid - The uronic acid of glucose in which C-6 is oxidized to a carboxyl group; the D-isomer detoxicates or inactivates various substances (for example, benzoic acid, phenol, camphor, and the female sex hormones) undergoing conjugation with such substances in the liver, the glucuronides so formed being excreted in the urine.
13. Glycine - The simplest amino acid; a major component of gelatin and silk fibroin; used as a nutrient and dietary supplement, and in solution for irrigation; used in the treatment of isovaleric acidemia.
14. Gastrointestinal tract - of, relating to, or affecting the stomach and intestines.
15. Hydroxylation - the introduction of hydroxyl into an ion or radical usually by the replacement of hydrogen
16. Hydrolysis - a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. One fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion (H + ) from the additional water molecule. The other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group (OH − ).
17. Hippuric acid - an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, found as a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food. Increased urine hippuric acid content may have antibacterial effects.
18. Hydrophilicity - the tendency of a surface to become wet or to absorb water.
20. Kylation - a particular alkylation of isobutane with olefins. For upgrading of petroleum, alkylation produces synthetic C7–C8[further explanation needed] alkylate, which is a premium blending stock for gasoline.
21. Kidney - two organs located in your midsection on either side of your spine in the middle of your back, just above the waist.
22. Lung - part of the respiratory system, a group of organs and tissues that work together to help you breathe.
23. Liver - the body’s largest gland. It is a vital organ that supports nearly every other organ in the body in some facet. Without a healthy liver, a person cannot survive.
24. Lipophilicity - the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.
25. Methylation - Denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
26. Mineralisation - The process through which an organic substance becomes impregnated by inorganic substances
27. Oxidative stress - Adverse effects occurring when the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a system exceeds the system’s ability to neutralize and eliminate them; excess ROS can damage a cell’s lipids, protein or DNA.
28. Pharmacokinetics - A branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism
29. Posology - Pharmacological study of the choice of appropriate dose of a drug in relation to the physiological factors, such as age, that may influence its effect.
30. Poison - Substance that, taken into or formed within the organism, impairs the health of the organism and may kill it.
31. Phosphorylation - The process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.
32. Plumbism - Chronic poisoning caused by absorption of lead or lead salts.
33. Rhodanese - mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate.
34. Saturnia - Pain in a joint resulting from lead poisoning.
35. Sulfation - The enzyme-catalyzed conjugation of a sulfo group (not a sulfate or sulfuryl group) to another molecule.
36. Synergist - Substance that contributes more than additively to a mutual effect with another substance.
37. Symptomatology - General description of all of the signs and symptoms of exposure to a toxicant.
38. Thioester - Product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.
39. Transesterification - Process of exchanging the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol.
40. Tri-ortho-tolyphosphate/ Tri-ortho-cresylphosphate - A component of mixed tri-cresyl phosphates that have been used as a plasticizer for chlorinated rubber, vinyl plastics, polystyrene, poluarcylic and polymethacrylic esters; as an adjuvant in milling pigment pastes; as a sol- vent and a binder in various natural resins; as a lubricant in synthetic lubricants and gaso- line; as a hydraulic fluid; and as a fire retardant.
41. Tetracaine (amethocaine) - Local anesthetic of the ester anesthetic group.
42. Trypsin - A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine.
43. Tiaramide - An anti-inflammatory agents that are not-steroidal in nature.
44. Tegafur - A particular drug used to treat cancer.
45. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases - A major pathway in the clearance of many endogenous aglycones (such as bilirubin) and xenobiotics (such as drugs)
46. Umbelliferone - It is a widespread natural product of the coumarin family that absorbs ultraviolet light strongly at several wavelengths
47. Valpromide - A carboxamide derivatives of valproic acid used in the treatment of epilepsy and some affective disorders
48. Warfarin - A water-soluble compound with anticoagulant properties, used as a rat poison and in the treatment of thrombosis.
49. Xanthine oxidase - A type of enzyme that generates relative oxygen species.
50. Xenobiotics - Substances that are foreign to the body or to an ecological system.
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