Biodegradation

Biodegradation (Flashcards) by Eva on Scribd

(G6) ++++ TERATOGEN ++++ (G6)

Group 6 Teratogen

Khairul Amrie Bin Amrah BS14110391

Lau Suk Teng BS14110411

Muhammad Haiqal Bin Hassim BS14110538

Muizzudrin Bt Mohamed BS14161061

(Number, Term, Definition, References)

1  Amygdalin - A bitter cyanogenic glucoside extracted from the seeds of apricots and plums and bitter almonds. (Donald, 2008)

2  Antimetabolite - A substance bearing a close structural resemblance to one required for normal physiological functioning, and exerting its effect by interfering with the utilization of the essential metabolite. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

3   Antitumour - Preventing or inhibiting the formation or growth of tumours. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

4   Autosomal recessive disease - One of several ways that a trait, disorder, or disease can be passed down through families. An autosomal recessive disorder means two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop. (Medline Plus, 2016)

5   Benzimidazole - A colourless crystalline compound, C7H6N2, used in organic synthesis. (Grimmett, 1997)

6  Cataflam - A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Cataflam is used to treat mild to moderate pain, or signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. (Drugs.com, 2016)

7   Cetyl - Waxy crystalline alcohol C16H34O obtained by the saponification of spermaceti or the hydrogenation of palmitic acid and used especially in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations and in making detergents. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

8  Clomiphene - An antioestrogen drug used to treat infertility by virtue of its ability to stimulate the production of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation). (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

9   Clomiphene citrate - Clomid (clomiphene citrate) is a nonsteroidal, ovulatory stimulant used to treat ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovary syndrome in women who, after other reasons for pregnancy failure have been ruled out, desire pregnancy and follow additional instructions that make pregnancy more likely to occur with this drug. (RxList, 2016)

10 Clomipramine - A tricyclic antidepressant C19H23ClN2 used in the form of its hydrochloride to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

11   Crixivan - Crixivan is a protease inhibitor used for treating HIV. (Mnemonic Dictionary, 2013)

12   Cyanocobalamin - Is a B vitamin that is used to treat pernicious anemia, a complex red crystalline compound, containing cyanide and cobalt and occurringin liver. (William Collins, 2012)

13   Diethylstilboestrol - A colourless crystalline synthetic compound C18H2OO2 used as a potent estrogen but contraindicated in pregnancy for its tendency to cause cancer or birth defects in offspring —called also DES, stilbestrol. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

14   Dihydroergotamine - A hydrogenated derivative C33H37N5O5 of ergotamine that is used in the treatment of migraine. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

15  Detoxification - Detoxification is the physiological or medical removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver. (American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language, 2016)

16   Encephalin - Is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

17   Estrone - Estrogen is one of the two main sex hormones that woman have which responsible for female physical features and reproduction. (Hormone Health Network, 2016)

18   Gonadotrophin - A hormone that stimulates the growth and activity of the gonads, especially any of several pituitary hormones that stimulate the function of the ovaries and testes, also called gonadotropic hormone. (Houghton, 2002)

19    Griseofulvin - An antibiotic used against fungal infections of the hair and skin. (Oxford University Press, 2016)

20   Hesperidin - Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of citrus cultivation. (Ray Sahelian, 2015)

21    Hyoscyamine - An ATROPINE like drug used to relax smooth muscle spasm, as in colic, and for its sedative effect. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

22     Indinavir - Indinavir is a protease-inhibiting drug given in the form of its sulfate, used usually in combination with other drugs to suppress the replication of HIV. (American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language, 2016)

23     Indomethacin - A nonsteroidal drug C19H16ClNO4 with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties used especially to treat painful inflammatory conditions (as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis). (Merriam-webster, 2016)

24    Isoproterenol - Isoproterenol is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, and rarely for asthma. (Shen & Howard, 2008)

25  Kanamycin - A broad-spectrum antibiotic from a Japanese soil streptomyces (Streptomyces kanamyceticus). (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

26    Labetalol - Labetalol is an adrenergic receptor blocker. It works by blocking both alpha and beta receptors in the body, which lowers blood pressure. (Drugs.com., 2016)

27   Mineralocorticoid - Any corticosteroid that controls electrolyte and water balance, especially by promoting retention of sodium by the kidney tubules. (Kaufman et al,. 2012)

28   Nicotinamide - A soluble crystal amide of nicotinic acid that is a component of the vitamin B complex and is present in most foods. Also called niacinamide. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

29  Norethindrone acetate - A synthetic progestational hormone (trade name Norlutin) used in oral contraceptives and to treat endometriosis. (Mosby’s Dental Dictionary, 2008)

30   Oxidizing agent - An oxidizing agent, or oxidant, gains electrons and is reduced in a chemical reaction. Also known as the electron acceptor, the oxidizing agent is normally in one of its higher possible oxidation states because it will gain electrons and be reduced. (Pettrucci & Ralph, 2007)

31   Retinoid - Any of a class of keratolytic drugs derived from retinoic acid and used in the treatment of severe acne and psoriasis. (Houghton, 2002)

32   Phenolphthalein - A compound used as a laboratory reagent and acid-base indicator and also used in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative preparations. (MedicineNet.com, 2016)

33   Phenothiazines - A compound used primarily in veterinary medicine to rid farm animals of internal parasites, a yellow organic compound used in veterinary anthelmintics also called thiodiphenylamine. (Houghton, 2002)

34    Piroxicam - Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class used to relieve the symptoms of painful, inflammatory conditions like arthritis. (Brayfield, 2014)

35  Psychostimulant - A drug having antidepressant or mood-elevating properties. (Houghton, 2002)

36    Pyrimidines - A heterocyclic organic compound with a penetrating, a crystalline organic base that is the parent substance of various biologically important derivatives. (Houghton, 2002)

37     Sensitizers - A substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction. (Nagraj et al., 2001)

38    Soman - A nerve agent easily absorbed into the body; a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor that is highly toxic when inhaled. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

39    Sulfonamide - Sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics that competitively inhibit conversion of p -aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroate, which bacteria need for folate synthesis and ultimately purine and DNA synthesis. (Merk & Dohme, 2016)

40   Sulindac - An anti-inflammatory nonsteroid agent with analigesic and  antipyretic actions. (Domenic, 2006)

41    Superoxide anion - The univalent anion O2 ; much of the oxygen supporting cellular respiration is reduced to the superoxide anion O2-.        (WorldNet, 2012)

42    Teratogen - It is a type of drug that are able to disturb the growth and development of an embryo or foetus.      (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

43   Teratogenicity - The property or capability of producing congenital malformations. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

44     Teratoma - A tumor consisting of a mixture of tissues not normally found at that site. (Webster dictionary, 2016)

45     Teratism - A congenital malformation or anomaly. (American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language, 2016)

46     Teratoid - Resembling a monster, abnormal; of a pathological growth, exceedingly complex or highly organized.      (Wester Dictionary, 2016)

47     Toxicant - Toxic substance introduced into the environment, e.g., a pesticide (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

48     Thiazide - Any of a group of drugs used as oral diuretics especially in the control of high blood pressure. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

49     Thyroxin - A hormone the thyroid gland secretes into the bloodstream. (Hormone Health Network, 2016)

50      Ubiquinone - Ubiquinone is another name for CoQ10, a potent antioxidant naturally produced by the body and important to cell functioning and development. (Truthinaging.com, 2016).

51      Valerate - A salt or ester of valeric acid. (Merriam-Webster, 2016)

52     Vasoconstrictor - An agent that causes narrowing of the blood vessels. (The Medical Dictionary, 2016)

53     Vasodilator - A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels. (Gaddum, 1986)

54     Xanthine - A crystalline compound related in structure to uric acid and found in urine, blood, certain plants, and certain animal tissues. (William Collins, 2012)

References

American Heritage: Dictionary of the English Language. 2016. Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

Brayfield, A,. 2014. “Piroxicam”. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press.

Drugs. com. 2016. Cataflam. At: https://www.drugs.com/cataflam.html. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Drugs.com. 2016. Labetalol. At: https://www.drugs.com/cdi/labetalol.html. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Hormone Health Network, 2016. What is estrogen?  At: http://www.hormone.org/diseases-and-conditions/womens-health/what-is-estrogen. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Hormone Health Network. 2016. Thyroxine. At: http://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/what-do-hormones-do/thyroxine. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Domenic, A. C. 2006. Drug Interactions in Psychiatry. At: https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Drug_Interactions_in_Psychiatry.html?id=TG8pmCuDbUQC&redir_esc=y. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Donald, G. B. 2008. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. Journal of General and Medical Science, 2 (3): 34-39.

Gaddum, J. H. 1986.Vasodilator Substances of the Tissues. University Press, Cambridge.

Grimmett, M. R. 1997. Imidazole and Benzimidazole Synthesis. Academic Press.

Houghton, M. 2002. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. At: https://www.thesciencedictionary.com. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Kaufman, W., Wambach, G. & Helber, A. 2012. Mineralocorticoids and Hypertension. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, Tokyo.

MedicineNet.com. 2016. Definition of phenolphthalein. MedicineNet, Inc. At:

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13444

Medline Plus. 2016. Autosomal Recessive. At: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002052.htm. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merck, S. & Dohme. 2016. Sulfoamide. A subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. At: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/sulfonamides

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Cetyl. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cetyl%20alcohol.  Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Clomipramine. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clomipramine. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Dihydroergotamine. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dihydroergotamine. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Indomethacin. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indomethacin. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Kanamycin. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kanamycin. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Thiazide. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thiazide. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Merriam-Webster. 2016. Valerate. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/valerate. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Mnemonic Dictionary. 2013. At: http://www.mnemonicdictionary.com/word/crixivan. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Mosby’s Dental Dictionary.2008. Norethindrone acetate. Ed ke-2. Elsevier, Inc.

Nagraj, G. H., Nair, C. K. K & Kagiya, V. T. 2001. Radiation Sensitizers. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

Oxford University Press. 2016. Griseofulvin. At: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/griseofulvin. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Pettrucci, Ralph, H. 2007. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Ed ke-9. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Ray Sahelian, M.D. 2015. Hesperidin found in oranges and lemons. At: http://www.raysahelian.com/hesperidin.html. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

RxList. 2016. Clomid. At: http://www.rxlist.com/c lomid-side-effects-drug-center.htm. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

Shen & Howard. 2008. Illustrated Pharmacology Memory Cards: PharMnemonics. Minireview.

The Medical Dictionary. 2016. At: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Assessed on 24 October 2016.

Truthinaging.com. 2016. Ubiquinone. At: https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ubiquinone. Accessed on 24 October 2016.

Webster Dictionary. 2016. Teratoid. At: http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Teratoid. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Webster Dictionary. 2016. Teratoma. At: http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/Teratoma. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

William Collins. 2012. Collins English Dictionary. At: https://www.thesciencedictionary.com. Accessed on 28 October 2016.

WorldNet. 2012. Superoxide anion. Princeton University, Farlex Inc

Hormone

Title: Hormone

Group Member:

No.	Name	Matric Number
1.	Amirul Fakhree bin Bacho	BS14110150
2.	Chelsea Daphne Charles	BS14110207
3.	Chong Hai Li	BS14110226
4.	Vitarich Julan Kulleh	BS14110900

No.	Term	Definition
1.	Abscisic Acid	Abscisic acid (ABA) is often referred to as a inhibitory rather than stimulatory hormone. It is involved in the closure of stomata, bud and seed dormancy and is known to inhibit other hormonal action
2.	Acromegaly	It is the results from excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults, usually the result of benign pituitary tumours.
3.	Adreneline	A hormone secreted by adrenal glands during stress condition, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion.
4.	Adrenocorticotropic	A hormone that stimulates secretion of adrenal cortical hormones such as cortisol.
5.	Aldosterone	A hormone that maintains proper balance of sodium and potassium ions
6.	Antidiuretic (ADH)	A hormone that stimulates reabsorption of water and conserves water.
7.	Auxins	A plant hormone that cause elongation of cells in shoots and involved in regulating the growth of plant.
8.	Calcitonin	A hormone that lowers the blood calcium level by inhibiting loss of calcium from bone.
9.	Cortisol	It is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones. Its functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. It also decreases bone formation.

10.	Cytokinins	Hormone that are produced in the roots, stimulate growth and have anti-aging effects.
11.	Dopamine	A monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as drug (trade names Dopastat and intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotesion.
12.	Endocrine glands	A gland that secretes hormone by endocrine system directly into the bloodstream.
13.	Endocrine system	Collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood.
14.	Epinephrine	Most commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Cause either smooth muscle relaxation in the airways or contraction of the smooth muscle in arterioles, which results in blood vessel constriction in the kidney, decreasing or inhibiting blood flow to the nephrons.
15.	Erythropoietin	A hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.
16.	Estradiol	A hormone that stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics in females
17.	Ethylene	A hormone produced in fruits, flowers and aging leaves that promote fruit ripening.
18.	Follicle-stimulating	It stimulates spermatogenesis in males and stimulates development of ovarian follicles in females.
19.	Giantism	It is the result of excessive growth hormone secretion that begins in young children or adolescents. It is a very rare disorder, usually resulting from a tumor of somatotropes.
20.	Gibberellins	It is a hormone produced in meristems of stems and roots that help regulate stem elongation.
21.	Glucagon	A peptide hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers the glucose
22.	Growth hormone	A hormone which stimulates growth in animal or plant cells, especially in animals that secreted by pituitary glands.
23.	Homeostasis	A tendency of equilibrium or stability in the normal physiological states of the organism.
24.	Hormone	Any various chemicals made by living cells that influence the development, growth, sex, etc of an animal and carried around the body in the blood.
25.	Insulin	A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islet of Langerhans that regulate the amount of glucose in the blood.
26.	Kisspeptin	Made in the hypothalamus, is an important hormone that starts the release of several other hormones. Also called metastin, this interesting hormone is connected to puberty and may also help stop the spread of cancer.
27.	Leptin	A hormone released from the fat cells located in adipose tissues, sends signals to the hypothalamus in the brain. It regulates and alters long-term food intake and energy expenditure. The primary design of leptin is to help the body maintain its weight.
28.	Lipid soluble-hormone	A lipophilic hormone that passes through the plasma membrane of a cell, binds an intracellular receptor, and changes gene expression.
29.	Luteinizing	A hormone that stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation in females and produce the secretion of testosterone in male.
30.	Melanocyte-stimulating	A hormone that stimulates colour change in reptiles and amphibians.
31.	Melatonin	It Influences pigmentation in some vertebrates and onset of puberty in humans and control biorhythms in some animals.
32.	Monoamines	The monoamines are hormones derived from aromatic amino acids such as phenylaline, tyrosine and tryptophan and are involved in neurotransmission.
33.	Neurotransmitter	A substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.
34.	Norepinephrine	A hormone that initiates stress responses, raises heart rate, metabolic rate, dilate blood vessels, mobilize fat and glucose level in the body.
35.	Oestrogen	A hormone is a chemical substance, produced by an organ, gland or special cells, which are carried through the bloodstream to regulate the activity of certain organs.
36.	Oxytocin	A hormone that stimulates contraction and stimulates milk ejection of mother.
37.	Parathyroid	A hormone that raises blood calcium level by stimulating bone breakdown, stimulate calcium reabsorption in kidneys and activates vitamin D in the body.
38.	Peptide hormones	The peptide hormones are proteins composed of amino acid chains.
39.	Phototropism	The orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light, either toward the light (positive phototropism) or away from light (negative phototropism).
40.	Pituitary gland	The master gland of the endocrine system and it is located at the base of the brain.
41.	Plant growth regulators	An organic compound that modifies or control one or more specific physiological processes within a plant.
42.	Progesterone	Progesterone is similar to oestrogen but is not considered the main sex hormone. Like oestrogen, it assists with the menstrual cycle and plays a role in pregnancy.
43.	Prolactin	A hormone that stimulates milk production.
44.	Prostaglandins	Prostaglandins are hormones created during a chemical reaction at the site where an injury or other issue occurs. They are not secreted from a gland, but are created at the time they are needed directly where the problem exists.
45.	Steroid	They are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings.
No.	Term	Definition
46.	Testosterone	A male hormone but women still produce small amounts of it in their ovaries. Testosterone is produced by the ovaries and helps to regulate sex drive (libido), energy and mental state.
47.	Thymus	This gland plays a role in the function of the adaptive immune system and the maturity of the thymus, and produces T-cells.
48.	Thyroid gland	A butterfly-shaped organ located in the base of the neck and releases hormones that control metabolism.
49.	Thyroxin	A hormone that stimulates metabolic rate, essential to normal growth and development.
50.	Vasopressin	A pituitary hormone that acts to promote the retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood pressure.

 Reference

Boundless. “Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. At: https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/osmotic-regulation-and-the-excretory-system-41/hormonal-control-of-osmoregulatory-functions-232/epinephrine-and-norepinephrine-867-12114/. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Boundless. “Mechanisms of Hormone Action.” Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Boundless, 21 Sep. 2016. At:  https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/endocrine-system-16/hormones-150/mechanisms-of-hormone-action-774-807/. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Boundless. “Steroids.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. At:  https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/biological-macromolecules-3/lipids-55/steroids-301-11434/. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Bridget Brast MD, FACS. 2016. Thyroid Gland, How it Functions, Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. At: http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid-nodules/thyroid-gland-controls-bodys-metabolism-how-it-works-symptoms-hyperthyroi. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Janice D. Yoder. 1999. Women and Gender: Transforming Psychology. Prentice Hall.

Kim Ann Zimmermann. 2016. Endocrine System: Fact, Functions and Diseases. At: http://www.livescience.com/26496-endocrine-system.html. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

M. Nadia. 2015. Female Hormones Oestrogen Estrogen - Menstruation. At: http://www.menstruation.com.au/fertility/oestrogen.html. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Nobutaka Takahashi. 1986. Chemistry of Plant Hormones. CRC Press.

Paul L. Marino. 2007. The ICU Book. Lippincott Williams & Wikins.

R. Bowen. 2006. Growth Hormone(Somatotropin). At: http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/gh.html. Accessed on 23 October 2016.

Robert R.A., Trudy F.C. 2009. Behavioral Genetics. Academic Press.

The McGraw-Hill Higher Education. The Endocrine System. At: www.mhhe.com/raven/resource28.mhtml. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

W. Danielle. Plant Hormones: Chemical Control of Growth and Reproduction. At: http://study.com/academy/lesson/plant-hormones-chemical-control-of-growth-and-reproduction.html