Thursday, 3 November 2016

BIOMAGNIFICATION


Tan Mei Ling                                        BS14110838
Ma Leixi                                              BS14170002
Nur Amirah Farhanah bt Zanal Abdin   BS 14110631
Fared Duis@Dawis                              BS12110150


1
Accumulation
The gradually increasing in number or amount of something over a long period of time.
2
Apex consumer
Consumer with few to know predator of their own, residing at the top of their food chain
3
Apex predator
a species that kills and eats other animals, but has virtually no predators of its own
4
Agent Orange
Herbicide - Used to kill trees in Cambodia during the Vietnam War. Caused cancers in soldiers
5
Biological half-life
The time required for the activity of a substance taken into the body to lose one half its initial effectiveness.
6
Biomagnification
1) The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next.
2) A  process in which chemical substances become more concentrated at each higher trophic level
7
Biomonitoring
Biological responses to assess changes in the environment, generally changes due to anthropogenic causes. Biomonitoring programs may be qualitative, semi-quantitative, or quantitative.
8
Carnivore
An animal that gets food from killing and eating other animals. They eat herbivores, but can eat omnivores, and occasionally other carnivores. Act as predators in food chain.
9
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
A very large and diverse group of organic molecules
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are specific hydrocarbon molecules that also have atoms of the element chlorine chemically bonded to them.

10
Concentration
The amount of a component in a given area or volume
11
Crops
 Plants such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in large amounts
12
Contaminants
Something that makes a place or a substance (such as water, air, or food) no longer suitable for use or something that contaminates a place or substance
13
Dieldrin
Chemicals that are made in the laboratory and do not occur naturally in the environment and once used as insecticides.  A kind of biomagnified toxicant.
14
Ecosystem
A system form by an ecological community and its environment that function as a unit
15
Ecological pyramid
Diagrams that are used to show how much energy, number of organisms, or how much biomass may be found at each trophic level of all the food webs of a community
16
Fertilizers
A natural or chemical substance that is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well
17
Food chain
A single path of energy through a food web. Each organism occupies a different trophic level, defined by how many energy transfers separate it from the basic input of the chain.
18
Food web
Feeding connections between organisms in a biotic community. Consist of many interconnected food chains and are more realistic representation of consumption relationships in ecosystems.
19
Food-web accumulation
Tendency of certain chemicals to occur in their largest concentration in predators at the top of the ecological food web. As such, chemicals such as DDT, PCBs, and mercury in the aquatic environment have their largest concentrations in predators, in comparison with the non-living environment, or with plants and herbivores.
20
Herbivore
An animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants. Many herbivores have special digestive systems that let them digest all kinds of plants, including grasses
21
Hyperaccumulation
A syndrome in which a chemical is bioaccumulated to an extraordinary degree.
22
Invasive species
An invasive species can be any kind of living organism, plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs that is not native to an ecosystem and which causes harm.  They can harm the environment, the economy or even, human health.
23
Magnify
To make (something) appear larger
24
Malformation
1)A structural defect in the body due to abnormal embryonic or fetal development.
2) A condition in which part of the body does not have the normal or expected shape
25
Mercury
Global contaminant and toxicant of major concern for both wildlife and humans.  A kind of biomagnified toxicant.
26
Metabolize
To change (food) into a form that can be used by your body and to process and use (substances brought into your body) by metabolism
27
Metals
Any of various opaque, fusible, ductile, and typically lustrous substances that are good conductors of electricity and heat, form cations by loss of electrons, and yield basic oxides and hydroxides
28
Nickel
A chemical element that is a silver-white metal and also a kind of biomagnified toxicant. Its atomic number is 28.
29
Omnivore
A kind of animal that eats either other animals or plants. Omnivores eat plants, but not all kinds of plants, they can't digest some of the substances in grains or other plants that do not produce fruit.
30
Organisms
An individual living thing, also known as an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
31
Persistence
The state of occurring or existing beyond the usual, expected, or normal time
32
Pesticides
Substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. Pesticides can be used to control a variety of pests, such as insects, weeds, rats and mice, bacteria and mold, and more.
33
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water and sunlight into carbohydrates
34
Poisoning
A substance that through its chemical action usually kills, injures, or impairs an organism
35
Pollutants
High concentrations of toxic chemicals found in the environment.
36
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that are added to plastics and foam products to make them difficult to burn.
37
Primary consumers
An animal that eats plants and therefore changes the energy from the sun that is stored in plants into meat that can be eaten by other animals
38
Producer
An autotrophic organism (as a green plant) viewed as a source of biomass that can be consumed by other organisms
39
Red tide
Red tide is a phenomenon caused by algal blooms  during which algae become so numerous that they discolor coastal waters. The algal bloom may also deplete oxygen in the waters and/or release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other animals.
40
Selenium
An important essential trace-element for metabolic activity of all life forms that have nervous systems that acts as a protective agent against the toxicity of mercury. A kind of biomagnified toxicant.
41
Susceptible
Easily affected, influenced or harmed by something
42
Species
An individual belonging to a group of organisms (or the entire group itself) having common characteristics and (usually) are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring.
43
Tertiary Consumer
A carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds on other carnivores or an animal that feeds only on secondary consumers.
44
Tissues
Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.
45
Toxin
A poisonous substance and especially one that is produced by a living thing
46
Trace element
Any chemical element required by living organisms in minute amounts
47
Threshold level
The point or level at which something begins or changes
48
Trophic cascade
An ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain,
49
Unintentional by-products
Something produced in a usually industrial or biological process in addition to the principal product and happening by chance
50.
Biomagnification factor
 Derived from field measurements of the levels of contaminants in naturally occurring biota, for characterizing the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals

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