Lipophilic

Xenobiotic

Xenobiotic Flashcard Presentation

Hydrolysis

PowerPoint presentation of Flash Card on Hydrolysis

BIOMAGNIFICATION


Tan Mei Ling                                        BS14110838
Ma Leixi                                              BS14170002
Nur Amirah Farhanah bt Zanal Abdin   BS 14110631
Fared Duis@Dawis                              BS12110150

1	Accumulation	The gradually increasing in number or amount of something over a long period of time.
2	Apex consumer	Consumer with few to know predator of their own, residing at the top of their food chain
3	Apex predator	a species that kills and eats other animals, but has virtually no predators of its own
4	Agent Orange	Herbicide - Used to kill trees in Cambodia during the Vietnam War. Caused cancers in soldiers
5	Biological half-life	The time required for the activity of a substance taken into the body to lose one half its initial effectiveness.
6	Biomagnification	1) The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next. 2) A  process in which chemical substances become more concentrated at each higher trophic level
7	Biomonitoring	Biological responses to assess changes in the environment, generally changes due to anthropogenic causes. Biomonitoring programs may be qualitative, semi-quantitative, or quantitative.
8	Carnivore	An animal that gets food from killing and eating other animals. They eat herbivores, but can eat omnivores, and occasionally other carnivores. Act as predators in food chain.
9	Chlorinated hydrocarbons	A very large and diverse group of organic molecules Chlorinated hydrocarbons are specific hydrocarbon molecules that also have atoms of the element chlorine chemically bonded to them.
10	Concentration	The amount of a component in a given area or volume
11	Crops	Plants such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in large amounts
12	Contaminants	Something that makes a place or a substance (such as water, air, or food) no longer suitable for use or something that contaminates a place or substance
13	Dieldrin	Chemicals that are made in the laboratory and do not occur naturally in the environment and once used as insecticides.  A kind of biomagnified toxicant.
14	Ecosystem	A system form by an ecological community and its environment that function as a unit
15	Ecological pyramid	Diagrams that are used to show how much energy, number of organisms, or how much biomass may be found at each trophic level of all the food webs of a community
16	Fertilizers	A natural or chemical substance that is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well
17	Food chain	A single path of energy through a food web. Each organism occupies a different trophic level, defined by how many energy transfers separate it from the basic input of the chain.
18	Food web	Feeding connections between organisms in a biotic community. Consist of many interconnected food chains and are more realistic representation of consumption relationships in ecosystems.
19	Food-web accumulation	Tendency of certain chemicals to occur in their largest concentration in predators at the top of the ecological food web. As such, chemicals such as DDT, PCBs, and mercury in the aquatic environment have their largest concentrations in predators, in comparison with the non-living environment, or with plants and herbivores.
20	Herbivore	An animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants. Many herbivores have special digestive systems that let them digest all kinds of plants, including grasses
21	Hyperaccumulation	A syndrome in which a chemical is bioaccumulated to an extraordinary degree.
22	Invasive species	An invasive species can be any kind of living organism, plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs that is not native to an ecosystem and which causes harm.  They can harm the environment, the economy or even, human health.
23	Magnify	To make (something) appear larger
24	Malformation	1)A structural defect in the body due to abnormal embryonic or fetal development. 2) A condition in which part of the body does not have the normal or expected shape
25	Mercury	Global contaminant and toxicant of major concern for both wildlife and humans.  A kind of biomagnified toxicant.
26	Metabolize	To change (food) into a form that can be used by your body and to process and use (substances brought into your body) by metabolism
27	Metals	Any of various opaque, fusible, ductile, and typically lustrous substances that are good conductors of electricity and heat, form cations by loss of electrons, and yield basic oxides and hydroxides
28	Nickel	A chemical element that is a silver-white metal and also a kind of biomagnified toxicant. Its atomic number is 28.
29	Omnivore	A kind of animal that eats either other animals or plants. Omnivores eat plants, but not all kinds of plants, they can't digest some of the substances in grains or other plants that do not produce fruit.
30	Organisms	An individual living thing, also known as an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
31	Persistence	The state of occurring or existing beyond the usual, expected, or normal time
32	Pesticides	Substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. Pesticides can be used to control a variety of pests, such as insects, weeds, rats and mice, bacteria and mold, and more.
33	Photosynthesis	Process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water and sunlight into carbohydrates
34	Poisoning	A substance that through its chemical action usually kills, injures, or impairs an organism
35	Pollutants	High concentrations of toxic chemicals found in the environment.
36	Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)	Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardant chemicals that are added to plastics and foam products to make them difficult to burn.
37	Primary consumers	An animal that eats plants and therefore changes the energy from the sun that is stored in plants into meat that can be eaten by other animals
38	Producer	An autotrophic organism (as a green plant) viewed as a source of biomass that can be consumed by other organisms
39	Red tide	Red tide is a phenomenon caused by algal blooms  during which algae become so numerous that they discolor coastal waters. The algal bloom may also deplete oxygen in the waters and/or release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other animals.
40	Selenium	An important essential trace-element for metabolic activity of all life forms that have nervous systems that acts as a protective agent against the toxicity of mercury. A kind of biomagnified toxicant.
41	Susceptible	Easily affected, influenced or harmed by something
42	Species	An individual belonging to a group of organisms (or the entire group itself) having common characteristics and (usually) are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring.
43	Tertiary Consumer	A carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds on other carnivores or an animal that feeds only on secondary consumers.
44	Tissues	Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.
45	Toxin	A poisonous substance and especially one that is produced by a living thing
46	Trace element	Any chemical element required by living organisms in minute amounts
47	Threshold level	The point or level at which something begins or changes
48	Trophic cascade	An ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain,
49	Unintentional by-products	Something produced in a usually industrial or biological process in addition to the principal product and happening by chance
50.	Biomagnification factor	Derived from field measurements of the levels of contaminants in naturally occurring biota, for characterizing the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals

REREFENCES

About Education. 2016. At: http://marinelife.about.com/od/glossary/g/apexpredator.htm.     Access on 30 October 2016.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (Atsdr). 2002. At:           https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=315&tid=56. Access on 30 October 2016.

Amiard-Triquet, C., Jeantet, A. Y., and Berthet, B. 1993. Metal transfer in marine food chains:           bioaccumulation and toxicity. Acta Biol Hung. 44(4):387-409

Beneditto, A. P. M. D., Carlos, E., Kehrig, H. A., Malm, O., and Seixas, T. G. 2013. Rezende Mercury and selenium biomagnification in a Brazilian coastal food web using nitrogen          stable isotope analysis: A case study in an area under the influence of the Paraiba do     Sul River plume. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 75: 283–290.

Boundless. 2016. At: https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-          textbook/ecosystems-46/energy-flow-through-ecosystems-257/biological-       magnification- 955-12215/. Access on 27 October 2016.        

Bradman, A., Chevrier, J., Eskenazi, B, Harley, K., Marks, A., and Sjödin, A. 2010. PBDE       Concentrations in Women's Serum and Fecundability. Environmental Health          Perspectives. 118(5): 699–704.

Cambridge online Dictionary. 2016. At: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english.     Access on 30 October 2016.

Dick, T. H. M., Sijm, W. S., and Opperhuizen, A. 1992. Life-cycle biomagnification study in    fish. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 (11): 2162–2174.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2016. At:  https://global.britannica.com/science/trophic-cascade.   Access on 30 October 2016.

Environment Protection Authority (EPA). 2016. At: https://www.epa.gov/dioxin/learn-about-  dioxin. Access on 30 October 2016.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2016. At:           http://www.unep.org/chemicalsandwaste/POPsold/tabid/1059787/Default.aspx. Access         on 30 October 2016.

Freedman, B. 2014. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. 5th ed. Gale Cencage.

Fraser, A.J., Burkow, I.C., Wolkers H., and Mackay D. 2002. Modeling biomagnification and metabolism of contaminants in harp seals of the Barents Sea. Environ Toxicol Chem.   21(1): 55-61

Hatzikioseyian, A.  2010.  Trends in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. Grażyna Płaza.

Ravindra, S. and Pushpendra, S. R. 2014. Microorganism as a tool of bioremediation technology for cleaning environment. A review Proceedings of the International   Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 4(1): 1-6

Hungrybeagle. 2014. At:      http://www.hungrybeagle.com/attachments/article/176/2.3.textbook.pdf. Access on      27 October 2016.

Khanacademy. 2014. At: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/intro-to-          ecosystems/a/food-chains-food-webs. Access on 27 October 2016.

Merriam Webster. 2016. At: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary. Access on 30       October 2016

Microbial life education resources. 2014.    http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/redtide/index.html. Access on 27 October         2016.

National wildlife federation. 2015. At: http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/threats-to-wildlife/invasive- species.aspx. Access on 27 October 2016.

NCSU Water Quality Group. 2016. At:        http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/biomon.html. Access on 30 October         2016

Net Industries. 2015. At: http://science.jrank.org/pages/1435/Chlorinated-Hydrocarbons.html.         Access on 30 October 2016

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa). 2016.           http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson13/l13la1.html. Access on   30 October 2016

Oxford Dictionaries. 2016. At: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition. Access on 30       October 2016

Public Broadcasting Service (Pbs). 2016. At:         http://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/glossary/. Access on 30 October 2016

Toxipedia. 2016. At: http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Toxaphene. Access on 30    October 2016